Van Putte-Katier N, Rooman RP, Haas L, Verhulst SL, Desager KN, Ramet J, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, Tamborlane WV, Taksali SE, Yeckel CW, et al. Left ventricular morphology and function in adolescents: relations to fitness and fatness. 2007 6:319вЂ“26.Дias KA, Spence AL, Sarma S, Oxborough D, Timilsina AS, Davies PSW, et al. Effect of obesity on cardiac function in children and adolescents: a review. The role of obesity in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy among children and adolescents. Left ventricular diastolic function and cardiometabolic factors in obese normotensive children. Porcar-Almela M, Codoner-Franch P, Tuzon M, Navarro-Solera M, Carrasco-Luna J, Ferrando J. Left ventricular mass and diastolic function in obese children and adolescents. 2011 19:128вЂ“33.Дusan P, Tamara I, Goran V, Gordana ML, Amira PA. Association of obesity and hypertension with left ventricular geometry and function in children and adolescents. 2006 47:2267вЂ“73.Дhuper S, Abdullah RA, Weichbrod L, Mahdi E, Cohen HW. Impact of obesity on cardiac geometry and function in a population of adolescents: the Strong Heart Study. 2008 168:30вЂ“7.Д¬hinali M, de Simone G, Roman MJ, Lee ET, Best LG, Howard BV, et al. Body mass index in adolescence in relation to cause-specific mortality: a follow-up of 230,000 Norwegian adolescents. Impaired cardiac function among obese adolescents: effect of aerobic interval training. Ingul CB, Tjonna AE, Stolen TO, Stoylen A, Wisloff U. Cardiovascular disease in childhood: the role of obesity. Herouvi D, Karanasios E, Karayianni C, Karavanaki K. Cardiovascular consequences of childhood obesity. Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980вЂ“2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. This indicates that both hyperinsulinemia, whole-body insulin resistance, and delayed HRR could be regarded as clinically relevant outcome parameters.

In obese adolescents, an altered cardiac diastolic function was independently related to hyperinsulinemia and whole-body insulin resistance, and only revealed by a delayed HRR during CPET. An altered cardiac diastolic function was not related to exercise tolerance but to a delayed heart rate recovery (HRR pвЂ‰<вЂ‰0.01).

Elevated homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and blood insulin, c-reactive protein, and uric acid concentrations (all significantly elevated in obese adolescents) were independent risk factors for an altered cardiac diastolic function ( pвЂ‰<вЂ‰0.01). In obese adolescents, left ventricular septum thickness, left atrial diameter, mitral A-wave velocity, E/eвЂ™ ratio were significantly elevated ( pвЂ‰<вЂ‰0.05), as opposed to lean controls, while mitral eвЂ™-wave velocity was significantly lowered ( pвЂ‰<вЂ‰0.01). Regression analyses were applied to examine relations between altered echocardiographic parameters and blood parameters or CPET parameters in the entire group. In 29 obese (BMI 31.6вЂ‰В±вЂ‰4.2вЂ‰kg/mВІ, age 13.4вЂ‰В±вЂ‰1.1 years) and 29 lean (BMI 19.5вЂ‰В±вЂ‰2.4вЂ‰kg/mВІ, age 14.0вЂ‰В±вЂ‰1.5 years) adolescents, fasted blood samples were collected to study hematology, biochemistry, liver function, glycemic control, lipid profile, and hormones, followed by a transthoracic echocardiography to assess cardiac structure/function, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to assess cardiopulmonary exercise parameters. Therefore,В we aimed to examine cardiac structure and function in obese adolescents, and to examine associations between altered cardiac function/structure and cardiometabolic disease risk factors or cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. To gain greater insights in the etiology and clinical consequences of altered cardiac function in obese adolescents.

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